燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組由于其燃料適應(yīng)性好，發(fā)電效率高，機(jī)組運(yùn)行方式靈活等特點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于天然氣發(fā)電，生物沼氣發(fā)電，垃圾填埋氣發(fā)電，瓦斯發(fā)電，石油伴生氣發(fā)電，生物質(zhì)熱解氣發(fā)電，冶金尾氣發(fā)電等領(lǐng)域。在常見的幾種燃?xì)忸愋椭?，由于不同的燃?xì)猱a(chǎn)生來源和工藝過程，燃?xì)庵袝?huì)常常包含著多種雜質(zhì)。尤其是在垃圾填埋氣、生物沼氣和生物質(zhì)熱解氣等燃?xì)庵须s質(zhì)較多。許多雜質(zhì)對(duì)燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組的運(yùn)行會(huì)造成不同程度的影響，因此需要對(duì)燃?xì)膺M(jìn)行相應(yīng)的預(yù)處理，以達(dá)到燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組正常運(yùn)行的基本要求。下面就幾種常見的雜質(zhì)類型進(jìn)行簡要的分析。

　　Gas internal combustion generator sets are widely used in natural gas power generation, biogas power generation, landfill gas power generation, gas power generation, petroleum associated gas power generation, biomass pyrolysis gas power generation, metallurgical tail gas power generation and other fields due to their good fuel adaptability, high power generation efficiency, and flexible operation mode. Among the common types of gas, due to different sources and processes of gas production, gas often contains various impurities. Especially in gases such as landfill gas, biogas, and biomass pyrolysis gas, there are many impurities present. Many impurities can have varying degrees of impact on the operation of gas-fired internal combustion generators, so it is necessary to perform corresponding pre-treatment on the gas to meet the basic requirements for the normal operation of gas-fired internal combustion generators. Below is a brief analysis of several common types of impurities.

　　1、顆粒物粉塵等固體顆粒物對(duì)燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組的影響，主要在于造成過濾器堵塞、進(jìn)氣量不足和壓力降低等。在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)部會(huì)造成缸壁和活塞磨損，同時(shí)也會(huì)污染潤滑油，進(jìn)而造成其他部件如滑動(dòng)軸承的磨損，影響機(jī)組的正常運(yùn)行。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃?xì)膺M(jìn)氣閥組自帶的過濾器僅用于保護(hù)系統(tǒng)不受顆粒物損壞，不能作為工作負(fù)荷過濾器。用戶應(yīng)在燃?xì)夤苈吩O(shè)置工作負(fù)荷過濾器，且過濾器在顆粒直徑大于3 μm 時(shí)，最低分離率必須達(dá)到 99.99%或以上。對(duì)于助燃空氣，顏巴赫燃?xì)獍l(fā)電機(jī)組要求空氣中顆粒物含量不高于0.1 mg/Nm3，助燃空氣過濾器至少滿足EN779 G3等級(jí)且必須確保各類工藝的排放氣體（如工業(yè)廢氣、生物過程排放尾氣或溶劑）不能進(jìn)入到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)助燃空氣中，以免影響發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的運(yùn)行。

　　1. The impact of solid particles such as particulate matter and dust on gas-fired internal combustion generator sets mainly lies in causing filter blockage, insufficient air intake, and pressure reduction. Inside the engine cylinder, it can cause wear on the cylinder wall and piston, as well as contaminate the lubricating oil, leading to wear on other components such as sliding bearings and affecting the normal operation of the unit. The built-in filter of the engine gas intake valve group is only used to protect the system from particulate matter damage and cannot be used as a workload filter. Users should install a workload filter in the gas pipeline, and the minimum separation rate of the filter must reach 99.99% or above when the particle diameter is greater than 3 μ m. For combustion air, the Yanbach gas generator set requires that the particulate matter content in the air should not exceed 0.1 mg/Nm3, and the combustion air filter should meet at least EN779 G3 level. It must also ensure that emissions from various processes (such as industrial waste gas, biological process exhaust gas, or solvents) cannot enter the engine combustion air to avoid affecting the operation of the engine.

　　2、硫在生物沼氣等燃?xì)庵谐３：辛蚧瘹涞群蚧衔?，如果在氣缸?nèi)燃燒則形成二氧化硫和三氧化硫。由于燃?xì)庵泻兴智胰細(xì)馊紵矊a(chǎn)生水分，含硫化合物溶于水形成氫硫酸、亞硫酸和硫酸，這些酸性物質(zhì)會(huì)對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)金屬部件產(chǎn)生腐蝕。含硫化合物溶于機(jī)油中也會(huì)使機(jī)油酸化，降低機(jī)油的潤滑能力，縮短機(jī)油使用壽命，并且對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)需要通過機(jī)油進(jìn)行潤滑的部件產(chǎn)生腐蝕性影響，例如軸瓦、凸輪搖臂機(jī)構(gòu)等。此外，含硫化合物也會(huì)對(duì)火花塞的金屬電極產(chǎn)生腐蝕，縮短火花塞使用壽命。燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組對(duì)于燃?xì)夂蛄康木唧w要求跟機(jī)組型號(hào)以及燃?xì)饧淄闈舛鹊榷加嘘P(guān)系，一般來說進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃?xì)庵泻蚩偭繎?yīng)低于300 mg/Nm3。此外，帶預(yù)燃室的機(jī)型通常有額外的要求。如果有帶催化劑的尾氣處理設(shè)備，還需考慮催化劑對(duì)硫含量的要求。在熱電聯(lián)供系統(tǒng)中，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)尾氣常通過煙氣熱水換熱器進(jìn)行熱交換以回收尾氣余熱。如果煙氣溫度降到硫氧化物（SOx）的酸露點(diǎn)以下，則會(huì)對(duì)換熱器產(chǎn)生腐蝕。

　　2. Sulfur often contains sulfur-containing compounds such as hydrogen sulfide in biogas and other gases. If burned in a cylinder, it forms sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. Due to the presence of water in gas and the generation of water during combustion, sulfur-containing compounds dissolve in water to form hydrogen sulfate, sulfurous acid, and sulfuric acid, which can corrode metal components of the engine. The dissolution of sulfur-containing compounds in engine oil can also acidify the oil, reduce its lubricating ability, shorten its service life, and have a corrosive effect on components that need to be lubricated by engine oil, such as bearing shells, cam rocker mechanisms, etc. In addition, sulfur-containing compounds can also corrode the metal electrodes of spark plugs, shortening their service life. The specific requirements for gas sulfur content in gas internal combustion generator sets are related to the unit model and gas methane concentration. Generally speaking, the total sulfur content in the gas entering the engine should be less than 300 mg/Nm3. In addition, models with pre combustion chambers usually have additional requirements. If there is exhaust gas treatment equipment with catalysts, the requirements of catalysts for sulfur content should also be considered. In a combined heat and power system, engine exhaust gas is often heat exchanged through a flue gas hot water heat exchanger to recover exhaust heat. If the flue gas temperature drops below the acid dew point of sulfur oxides (SOx), corrosion will occur in the heat exchanger.

　　3、揮發(fā)性有機(jī)硅化合物（Volatile Organic Silicon Compounds，簡稱VOSC）

　　3. Volatile Organic Silicon Compounds (VOSC)

　　在生物沼氣、垃圾填埋氣中常常出現(xiàn)有機(jī)硅化合物，并且以硅氧烷分解物的形式存在，其特性是可燃、易揮發(fā)。這種物質(zhì)在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中燃燒后會(huì)產(chǎn)生氧化硅，久而久之會(huì)形成沉積物覆蓋在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸蓋表面，這會(huì)增加發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的維護(hù)工作。如果發(fā)電系統(tǒng)配置了催化氧化劑尾氣處理裝置，此類雜質(zhì)還會(huì)使催化劑失效。由于揮發(fā)性可氧化硅化合物的波動(dòng)性，分析其在燃?xì)庵械暮枯^為困難。因此，我們可以對(duì)機(jī)油進(jìn)行分析，根據(jù)發(fā)電機(jī)組制造商所提供的檢測要求和計(jì)算公式，通過在一定運(yùn)行小時(shí)內(nèi)進(jìn)行兩次機(jī)油檢測，對(duì)機(jī)油中硅總量進(jìn)行分析計(jì)算特征值，以確定是否滿足機(jī)組正常運(yùn)行的要求。

　　Organic silicon compounds often appear in biogas and landfill gas, and exist in the form of siloxane decomposition products, which are flammable and volatile. After combustion in the engine, this substance produces silicon oxide, which over time forms deposits covering the surface of the engine cylinder head, increasing the maintenance work of the engine. If the power generation system is equipped with a catalytic oxidant exhaust treatment device, such impurities can also cause catalyst failure. Due to the volatility of volatile oxidizable silicon compounds, it is difficult to analyze their content in gas. Therefore, we can analyze the engine oil and, based on the testing requirements and calculation formulas provided by the generator set manufacturer, conduct two oil tests within a certain operating hour to analyze and calculate the characteristic value of the total silicon content in the engine oil, in order to determine whether it meets the requirements for normal operation of the unit.

　　4、焦油在冷卻至低于露點(diǎn)的情況下，如果在燃?xì)饣蛘呋旌蠚庵形龀龉虘B(tài)、液態(tài)或者高黏度產(chǎn)物形式的碳?xì)浠衔?，則將這類冷凝或者升華產(chǎn)物稱為焦油。由于不同的運(yùn)行溫度和熱化學(xué)反應(yīng)過程，生物質(zhì)熱解和氣化過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生成百上千種不同類別的焦油。通常，此類碳?xì)浠衔镌诘蜏赜隼鋾r(shí)凝結(jié)成液態(tài)，會(huì)堵塞進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)、渦輪增壓器葉片和中冷器等。很難用簡單的冷凝方法完全去除焦油，因此對(duì)于含有焦油的燃?xì)?，需要在燃?xì)膺M(jìn)氣閥組管路上安裝加熱裝置，同時(shí)避免溫度較低的助燃空氣與含有此類碳?xì)浠衔锏娜細(xì)饣旌?。?duì)生物質(zhì)熱解氣進(jìn)行預(yù)處理后，對(duì)其中焦油的露點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析是一個(gè)行之有效的方法。燃?xì)庵薪褂吐饵c(diǎn)一般應(yīng)低于燃?xì)饴饵c(diǎn)5°C以上，這樣才能避免焦油進(jìn)入燃?xì)饨佑|的部件內(nèi)。以顏巴赫燃?xì)獍l(fā)電機(jī)組為例，機(jī)組對(duì)燃?xì)膺M(jìn)氣溫度的范圍要求是10 - 40°C。

　　4. When tar is cooled below dew point, if solid, liquid, or high viscosity hydrocarbons precipitate in gas or mixture, these condensed or sublimated products are called tar. Due to different operating temperatures and thermochemical reaction processes, hundreds or thousands of different types of tar can be produced during biomass pyrolysis and gasification. Usually, such hydrocarbons condense into liquid form when cooled at low temperatures, which can clog the intake system, turbocharger blades, and intercooler. It is difficult to completely remove tar using simple condensation methods, so for gas containing tar, a heating device needs to be installed on the gas inlet valve pipeline, while avoiding the mixing of low-temperature combustion air with gas containing such hydrocarbons. Analyzing the dew point of tar in biomass pyrolysis gas after pretreatment is an effective method. The dew point of tar in gas should generally be at least 5 ° C lower than the dew point of gas, in order to prevent tar from entering the components in contact with gas. Taking the Yanbach gas generator set as an example, the unit requires a gas inlet temperature range of 10-40 ° C.

　　總結(jié)通過上述分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，燃?xì)庵袔追N常見雜質(zhì)將影響燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組的正常運(yùn)行。如果使用雜質(zhì)超標(biāo)的燃?xì)?，某些情況下發(fā)電機(jī)組也許不會(huì)立即發(fā)生運(yùn)行指標(biāo)衰減、故障停機(jī)等顯性問題。但這類雜質(zhì)對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)組帶來的危害將逐漸累積，并對(duì)機(jī)組的運(yùn)行效果，正常維護(hù)間隙甚至使用壽命產(chǎn)生非常深遠(yuǎn)的負(fù)面影響。因此，通過預(yù)處理方式去除或減少燃?xì)庵械碾s質(zhì)非常重要，且需按照燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組制造商的技術(shù)要求和建議來進(jìn)行，同時(shí)也需要考慮預(yù)處理方式的有效性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性，使整個(gè)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳的運(yùn)行效果和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

　　Through the above analysis, it can be concluded that several common impurities in gas will affect the normal operation of gas-fired internal combustion generators. If gas with excessive impurities is used, in some cases, the generator set may not immediately experience obvious problems such as deterioration of operating indicators, malfunction shutdown, etc. But the harm caused by such impurities to the generator set will gradually accumulate, and have a very profound negative impact on the operation efficiency, normal maintenance intervals, and even the service life of the unit. Therefore, it is very important to remove or reduce impurities in the gas through pre-treatment methods, and it should be carried out in accordance with the technical requirements and recommendations of the manufacturer of the gas internal combustion generator set. At the same time, the effectiveness and economy of the pre-treatment method should also be considered to achieve the best operating and economic benefits for the entire power generation system.

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