焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電是緩解環(huán)境污染、資源緊張以及創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的有效途徑。通過余熱發(fā)電理論、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益3個(gè)方面對(duì)焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電可行性進(jìn)行深入探討。引言能源是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和原動(dòng)力。近年來，能源緊缺日漸成為制約經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素，并且化石燃料的大量燃燒造成嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染和溫室效應(yīng)。以前被忽略的焦?fàn)t煤氣、垃圾填埋氣、煤層氣等可燃?xì)怏w越來越受到人們的重視。合理充分利用這些可燃性資源不僅可以有效緩解能源緊張問題，同時(shí)也有利于減輕環(huán)境污染問題。1、尾氣余熱發(fā)電的理論可行性1.1焦?fàn)t尾氣生產(chǎn)與利用現(xiàn)狀我國(guó)是世界上焦炭生產(chǎn)最大的國(guó)家，每年估計(jì)大約有2億t優(yōu)質(zhì)煤炭用于生產(chǎn)焦炭。在煉焦生產(chǎn)出焦炭和焦油產(chǎn)品的同時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的高溫?zé)煔?，即焦?fàn)t尾氣。焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電是指將這些多余煙氣的熱量轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的技術(shù)。其中，用于發(fā)電的余熱主要有高溫?zé)煔庥酂?、低溫余熱、冷卻介質(zhì)余熱、化學(xué)反應(yīng)余熱以及廢氣、廢液余熱等七種。余熱發(fā)電的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備是余熱鍋爐和發(fā)電機(jī)組，余熱鍋爐可利用可燃質(zhì)或廢液、廢氣等工質(zhì)中的余熱作熱源，生產(chǎn)蒸汽用于發(fā)電。根據(jù)相關(guān)調(diào)查顯示，焦?fàn)t尾氣的余熱總資源約占煤炭消耗總量的17％～67％，可利用的余熱約占余熱總量的60％。合理有效利用焦?fàn)t尾氣是提高能源利用率，減輕環(huán)境污染的一個(gè)重要舉措。目前，國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)于焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱回收利用的途徑很多，主要包括綜合利用、直接利用以及余熱發(fā)電利用。直接利用是指將余熱應(yīng)用于空調(diào)暖通或作為動(dòng)力源等，利用率相對(duì)較高，但限于暖通空調(diào)季節(jié)變化較大或用量較小等特點(diǎn)，以及作為動(dòng)力用要求相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的負(fù)荷的特點(diǎn)，直接利用的方式具有一定的局限性。隨著我國(guó)對(duì)節(jié)能減排的支持，對(duì)能源的重視以及余熱發(fā)電技術(shù)的日益成熟，余熱發(fā)電所帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益越來越受到企業(yè)的重視，利用焦?fàn)t尾氣生產(chǎn)高品質(zhì)電能逐漸成為余熱利用的趨勢(shì)，有利于提高資源利用率，緩解供電緊張。1.2焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電的方式電能是一種使用靈活且方便的高級(jí)能。對(duì)于焦?fàn)t尾氣的高溫余熱，采用余熱發(fā)電的回收利用方式更符合能及匹配原則。而對(duì)于焦?fàn)t尾氣的低溫度余熱，在沒有熱用戶的情況下，可以選擇的回收方式則是將余熱轉(zhuǎn)化為電能后再加以利用。焦?fàn)t尾氣的余熱發(fā)電一般有三種方式：一是首先利用余熱鍋爐產(chǎn)生蒸汽，再通過蒸汽輪機(jī)或燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)等發(fā)電機(jī)組，按背壓式循環(huán)或凝汽式機(jī)組循環(huán)發(fā)電。二是采用氟利昂等低沸點(diǎn)工質(zhì)回收低、中溫余熱，在透平中將產(chǎn)生的氟利昂蒸氣等按朗肯循環(huán)膨脹做功，帶動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)組發(fā)電。三是對(duì)于焦?fàn)t尾氣的高溫余熱，將其作為燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)工質(zhì)的熱源，經(jīng)加熱、加壓等方式推動(dòng)燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)做功，在帶動(dòng)燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)做功的同時(shí)，帶動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)組發(fā)電。1.3焦?fàn)t尾氣發(fā)電的特點(diǎn)焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電的特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)在五個(gè)方面：一是建設(shè)期短，一般4臺(tái)500kW的內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)建設(shè)成總裝機(jī)容量為2000kW的燃?xì)獍l(fā)電站，建設(shè)期為20d左右。二是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)焦化廠的雙回路供電，利用焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電，能夠改善焦化廠的供電條件，尤其是供電緊張的焦化廠，可以在外界供電緊張的情況下，保持正常的運(yùn)行。三是有利于保護(hù)環(huán)境，焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱的主要成分是氫氣、甲烷、一氧化碳等，焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電可以變廢為寶，減少燃燒排空造成的空氣污染，對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)具有非常積極的意義。四是方便搬遷，燃?xì)獍l(fā)電機(jī)組的體積小，能夠方便移動(dòng)。五是電站規(guī)模范圍廣，發(fā)電機(jī)組各種功率規(guī)格齊全，品種多，焦化廠可根據(jù)焦?fàn)t尾氣的量選擇電站規(guī)模。2、尾氣余熱發(fā)電的技術(shù)可行性2.1焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電工藝焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電工藝主要包括尾氣回收及循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、余熱鍋爐系統(tǒng)、發(fā)電機(jī)及汽輪機(jī)系統(tǒng)三部分。尾氣回收系統(tǒng)主要由煙氣引導(dǎo)管、煙囪、煙筒遮斷閥和煙氣的流量控制閥組成，其主要功能是將帶冷機(jī)煙罩內(nèi)溫度比較高的煙氣經(jīng)余熱鍋爐引風(fēng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的額負(fù)壓引到余熱鍋爐內(nèi)，同時(shí)避免鍋爐外的冷風(fēng)進(jìn)入鍋爐內(nèi)。余熱鍋爐系統(tǒng)是余熱回收的核心部分，其主要功能是在余熱鍋爐受熱面上，熱量經(jīng)高溫?zé)煔庵鸺?jí)傳遞到受熱面上，生成水蒸氣。發(fā)電機(jī)及汽輪機(jī)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的主要作用是將蒸汽攜帶的熱量轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)將焦?fàn)t尾氣的余熱轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。其中，汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組在運(yùn)行過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的熱量，這些熱量可通過尾氣換熱器和熱交換器由循環(huán)冷卻液導(dǎo)出，循環(huán)冷卻液可通過板式換熱器加熱外供循環(huán)水，對(duì)外提供熱量。循環(huán)冷卻水在板式換熱器的進(jìn)口溫度為90℃，出口溫度為70℃，通過循環(huán)冷卻水與外供循環(huán)水換熱，可以將外供水的溫度加熱到80℃以上，滿足冬季供暖和洗浴等要求。有條件的單位可以將發(fā)電機(jī)組的余熱再利用，提供生活生產(chǎn)用蒸汽、熱水以及帶動(dòng)中央空調(diào)，通過電熱綜合利用方式，焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱的利用效率可達(dá)到70％～85％。2.2焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電的設(shè)備選用余熱鍋爐和發(fā)電機(jī)組的選擇是焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備。其中，余熱鍋爐一般選擇立式余熱鍋爐，其可以徹底解決臥式鍋爐內(nèi)溫度場(chǎng)實(shí)際分布與鍋爐設(shè)計(jì)溫度不相符以及漏風(fēng)等問題，大大提高鍋爐蒸汽產(chǎn)量，廢氣余熱可以得到充分利用。發(fā)電機(jī)組的選擇一般包括內(nèi)燃機(jī)式發(fā)電機(jī)組、燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組以及傳統(tǒng)的蒸汽輪機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組。小型焦化企業(yè)可以采用單機(jī)容量較小的燃?xì)猓话阌糜?0～20萬t以下的焦化企業(yè)；中型焦化企業(yè)的焦?fàn)t煤氣發(fā)電可選用單機(jī)容量稍大的；大型焦化企業(yè)的煤氣發(fā)電可以選用傳統(tǒng)鍋爐一蒸汽輪機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組。3、焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電的經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性以裝機(jī)總?cè)萘繛?200kW的發(fā)電站為例(選擇8臺(tái)500GB—RJ)進(jìn)行分析。3.1主要設(shè)備技術(shù)指標(biāo)單臺(tái)機(jī)組功率：400kW機(jī)組數(shù)量：8臺(tái)總裝機(jī)容量：3200kW發(fā)電電壓：0.4kV發(fā)電功率因數(shù)：0.9

　　Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation is an effective way to alleviate environmental pollution, resource scarcity, and create economic benefits. Conduct in-depth exploration on the feasibility of coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation from three aspects: theory, technology, and economic benefits. Introduction: Energy is the material foundation and driving force for the development of the national economy. In recent years, energy scarcity has become a key factor restricting economic development, and the large-scale combustion of fossil fuels has caused serious environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. Previously overlooked combustible gases such as coke oven gas, landfill gas, and coalbed methane are receiving increasing attention from people. Reasonably and fully utilizing these combustible resources can not only effectively alleviate energy shortages, but also help alleviate environmental pollution problems. 1. Theoretical feasibility of tail gas waste heat power generation 1.1 Current situation of coke oven tail gas production and utilization China is the country with the largest coke production in the world, with an estimated 200 million tons of high-quality coal used for coke production every year. At the same time as coking produces coke and tar products, a large amount of high-temperature flue gas, namely coke oven tail gas, is generated. Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation refers to the technology of converting the excess heat of these flue gases into electrical energy. Among them, the waste heat used for power generation mainly includes seven types: high-temperature flue gas waste heat, low-temperature waste heat, cooling medium waste heat, chemical reaction waste heat, and waste gas and waste liquid waste heat. The key equipment for waste heat power generation is the waste heat boiler and generator set. The waste heat boiler can use the waste heat from combustible materials or working fluids such as waste liquid and exhaust gas as a heat source to produce steam for power generation. According to relevant surveys, the total waste heat resources of coke oven exhaust gas account for about 17% to 67% of the total coal consumption, and the available waste heat accounts for about 60% of the total waste heat. Reasonable and effective utilization of coke oven exhaust gas is an important measure to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. At present, there are many ways to recover and utilize the waste heat from coke oven tail gas in China, mainly including comprehensive utilization, direct utilization, and waste heat power generation utilization. Direct utilization refers to the use of waste heat for air conditioning, heating and ventilation, or as a power source, with a relatively high utilization rate. However, due to the characteristics of large seasonal variations or small usage in HVAC, as well as the requirement for relatively stable loads as power, direct utilization has certain limitations. With China's support for energy conservation and emission reduction, emphasis on energy, and the increasing maturity of waste heat power generation technology, the economic and social benefits brought by waste heat power generation are receiving more and more attention from enterprises. The use of coke oven tail gas to produce high-quality electricity has gradually become a trend in waste heat utilization, which is conducive to improving resource utilization efficiency and alleviating power supply shortages. 1.2 The method of using residual heat from coke oven exhaust gas to generate electricity is a flexible and convenient advanced energy source. For the high-temperature waste heat of coke oven tail gas, the recycling and utilization method of waste heat power generation is more in line with the principle of energy and matching. For the low-temperature waste heat of coke oven tail gas, in the absence of heat users, the alternative recovery method is to convert the waste heat into electrical energy and then reuse it. There are generally three ways to generate electricity from the waste heat of coke oven exhaust gas: firstly, steam is generated by a waste heat boiler, and then electricity is generated by a back pressure cycle or condensing unit cycle through a steam turbine or gas turbine generator set. The second is to use low boiling point refrigerants such as Freon to recover low and medium temperature waste heat, and to expand the generated Freon vapor in the turbine according to the Rankine cycle to do work, driving the generator set to generate electricity. The third is to use the high-temperature waste heat from coke oven exhaust gas as a heat source for gas turbine working fluid, and to drive the gas turbine to do work through heating, pressurization, and other methods. While driving the gas turbine to do work, it also drives the generator set to generate electricity. 1.3 Characteristics of Coke Oven Tail Gas Power Generation The characteristics of coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation are mainly manifested in five aspects: firstly, the construction period is short. Generally, four 500kW internal combustion engine generators are built into a gas power station with a total installed capacity of 2000kW, and the construction period is about 20 days. The second is to achieve dual circuit power supply for coking plants, utilizing the waste heat of coke oven tail gas to generate electricity, which can improve the power supply conditions of coking plants, especially for those with tight power supply, and can maintain normal operation under external power supply constraints. Thirdly, it is beneficial for protecting the environment. The main components of coke oven tail gas waste heat are hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, etc. Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation can turn waste into treasure, reduce air pollution caused by combustion and exhaust, and have a very positive significance for environmental protection. Fourthly, it is convenient for relocation. The gas generator set has a small volume and can be easily moved. Fifthly, the power station has a wide range of scales, with various power specifications and varieties of generator sets. Coking plants can choose the power station scale according to the amount of coke oven tail gas. 2. Technical feasibility of tail gas waste heat power generation 2.1 Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation process The coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation process mainly includes three parts: tail gas recovery and circulation system, waste heat boiler system, generator and turbine system. The exhaust gas recovery system mainly consists of a flue gas guide pipe, chimney, chimney shut-off valve, and a flow control valve for the flue gas. Its main function is to guide the flue gas with relatively high temperature inside the cooling hood into the waste heat boiler through the negative pressure generated by the induced draft fan of the waste heat boiler, while avoiding cold air from outside the boiler from entering the boiler. The waste heat boiler system is the core part of waste heat recovery, and its main function is to transfer heat to the heating surface of the waste heat boiler step by step through high-temperature flue gas, generating water vapor. The main function of the generator and turbine power generation system is to convert the heat carried by steam into electrical energy, ultimately achieving the conversion of waste heat from coke oven exhaust into electrical energy. Among them, the steam turbine generator unit generates a large amount of heat during operation, which can be exported from the circulating coolant through the exhaust gas heat exchanger and heat exchanger. The circulating coolant can be heated by the plate heat exchanger to provide external circulating water and heat. The inlet temperature of the circulating cooling water in the plate heat exchanger is 90 ℃, and the outlet temperature is 70 ℃. By exchanging heat with the externally supplied circulating water, the temperature of the externally supplied water can be heated to above 80 ℃, meeting the requirements of winter heating and bathing. Conditional units can reuse the waste heat from the generator set, provide steam and hot water for daily life and production, and drive central air conditioning. Through the comprehensive utilization of electric and heat, the utilization efficiency of coke oven tail gas waste heat can reach 70% to 85%. The selection of equipment for coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation and the selection of waste heat boilers and generator sets are key equipment for coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation systems. Among them, vertical waste heat boilers are generally selected as waste heat boilers, which can completely solve the problems of temperature distribution in horizontal boilers not matching the design temperature of the boiler and air leakage, greatly improving the steam production of the boiler and fully utilizing the waste heat of exhaust gas. The selection of generator sets generally includes internal combustion engine generator sets, gas turbine generator sets, and traditional steam turbine generator sets. Small coking enterprises can use gas with smaller unit capacity, generally used for coking enterprises with less than 100000 to 200000 tons; Medium sized coking enterprises can choose coke oven gas power generation with slightly larger unit capacity; Large coking enterprises can use traditional boiler steam turbine generator sets for gas power generation. 3. The economic feasibility of coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation is analyzed using a power station with a total installed capacity of 3200kW (selecting 8 units of 500GB-RJ) as an example. 3.1 Main equipment technical indicators Single unit power: 400kW Number of units: 8 Total installed capacity: 3200kW Power generation voltage: 0.4kV Power generation factor: 0.9

　　3.2投資概算投資概算見表13.3燃?xì)獍l(fā)電經(jīng)濟(jì)性1)年運(yùn)行成本。在穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行狀態(tài)下，燃?xì)獍l(fā)電機(jī)組功率按裝機(jī)總?cè)萘康?0％計(jì)算，即實(shí)際運(yùn)行功率為2240kW，年發(fā)電時(shí)間按8000h計(jì)算，年發(fā)電量為1.792×107kwh。年運(yùn)行費(fèi)用包括人員工資與福利、材料及維修費(fèi)、機(jī)油消耗、折舊費(fèi)等，按測(cè)算，年總運(yùn)行成本為561.05萬元。2)年發(fā)電收益。電價(jià)按0.5(kW)計(jì)算，每年發(fā)電收益為896萬元。3)經(jīng)濟(jì)性分析。年收益=年發(fā)電收益一年運(yùn)行成本，即年收益為334.95萬元。投資回收期=投資概算／年收益，即投資回報(bào)期為1.74年。4、結(jié)語(yǔ)焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電是我國(guó)實(shí)施節(jié)能減排戰(zhàn)略的一項(xiàng)重要舉措。利用焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電，不僅可以緩解地區(qū)用電緊張問題以及焦?fàn)t尾氣排空造成的環(huán)境污染問題，還可以為企業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供可靠電源，將剩余電能上網(wǎng)外供，給企業(yè)帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)效益?？傊?，焦?fàn)t尾氣余熱發(fā)電技術(shù)對(duì)于我國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展具有積極的意義。

　　3.2 Investment Estimate The investment estimate is shown in Table 13.3 Gas Power Generation Economy 1) Annual Operating Costs. In a stable operating state, the power of the gas generator set is calculated at 70% of the total installed capacity, which means the actual operating power is 2240kW. The annual power generation time is calculated at 8000h, and the annual power generation is 1.792 × 107kWh. The annual operating expenses include personnel salaries and benefits, material and maintenance costs, oil consumption, depreciation costs, etc. According to calculations, the total annual operating cost is 5.6105 million yuan. 2) Annual power generation revenue. The electricity price is calculated at 0.5 (kW), and the annual power generation revenue is 8.96 million yuan. 3) Economic analysis. Annual revenue=Annual power generation revenue and annual operating cost, which means the annual revenue is 3.3495 million yuan. Investment payback period=investment estimate/annual return, which means the investment return period is 1.74 years. 4. Conclusion: Coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation is an important measure for China to implement energy-saving and emission reduction strategies. Utilizing the waste heat of coke oven exhaust gas for power generation can not only alleviate the problem of regional electricity shortage and environmental pollution caused by coke oven exhaust gas discharge, but also provide reliable power for enterprise production, supply surplus electricity to the grid and bring economic benefits to enterprises. In short, the technology of coke oven tail gas waste heat power generation has positive significance for the development of China's social economy.

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